The science of happiness has evolved significantly over the past two decades, moving beyond traditional psychology’s focus on pathology to explore how individuals can thrive. Central to this shift is positive psychology, pioneered by researchers like Martin Seligman, which emphasises strengths, resilience, and fulfilment.

Research shows that these elements are interdependent yet distinct, each contributing uniquely to well-being. For example, engagement (flow) and meaning often correlate with long-term fulfilment, while positive emotions buffer against stress. The model rejects the idea of a single “happiness formula,” instead advocating for a holistic approach where individuals balance these pillars based on personal values.

Recent studies also highlight neuroplasticity’s role—how practices like mindfulness and gratitude can rewire the brain towards optimism. Additionally, cross-cultural research underscores that while core aspects of well-being are universal, their expression varies (e.g., collectivist cultures prioritise relationships more strongly).